Curator's Take
This article shows how random projections can compress multiple copies of a quantum state before performing collective measurements, turning the daunting coherent‑resource demands of swap‑test–based protocols into a controllable increase in the number of state copies required. By providing explicit formulas that link Haar‑averaged projected moments to the original multivariate traces, it offers a practical knob for near‑term hardware—researchers can now match their device’s coherence limits by sacrificing only a predictable sampling overhead. The result bridges recent advances in shadow tomography and low‑depth multi‑copy algorithms, making nonlinear state estimation feasible on larger qubit registers while reminding readers that the exponential copy cost still grows with each projected qubit.
— Mark Eatherly
Summary
Estimating nonlinear properties of quantum states is a central task in quantum information science. Multivariate traces, $\mathrm{tr}(ρ_1 \cdots ρ_K)$, and nonlinear observables such as $\mathrm{tr}(ρ^K)$, for integer $K$, can be accessed through collective measurements on multiple state copies, but standard protocols based on swap tests require coherent operations on the full Hilbert space and become experimentally unfeasible for large systems. In this work, we introduce a framework for multi-copy measurements based on random projections onto lower-dimensional subspaces prior to the collective measurement, which is then performed only on the reduced Hilbert space. This procedure yields a tunable tradeoff between coherent quantum resources and statistical sampling overhead, allowing the amount of coherent processing to be matched to the capabilities of the underlying hardware. We derive explicit formulas relating the Haar-averaged projected moments to multivariate traces of the original states and analyze the sampling overhead induced by the projection procedure. Specifically, after compressing an $n$-qubit state to a reduced $q$-qubit subspace, estimating $\mathrm{tr}(ρ^K)$ requires approximately $O(2^{(n-q)(K-1)})$ copies of $ρ$, with each qubit projected out increasing the sampling cost by a factor of $2^{K-1}$. Our results establish how coherent multi-copy operations can be traded for additional state copies, enabling multi-copy quantum protocols to be optimized for the available hardware resources.